Information Package / Course Catalogue
The Tradition and Practices of Mosque Music
Course Code: İST520
Course Type: Area Elective
Couse Group: Second Cycle (Master's Degree)
Education Language: Turkish
Work Placement: N/A
Theory: 3
Prt.: 0
Credit: 3
Lab: 0
ECTS: 5
Objectives of the Course

The objective is to examine the historical development, sources, genres, and performance traditions of mosque music through a musicological lens; to enable students to analyze examples of mosque music in terms of *maqam* (modal framework), melodic progression, rhythm, the relationship between text and music, and performance style; and to equip them with the knowledge and skills to critically evaluate processes of tradition, transmission, and change—by comparing examples from different periods and performers—as well as to conduct scholarly research in this field.

Course Content

This subject covers the conceptual framework, historical development, and position of mosque music within the broader context of Turkish religious music; its written, visual, and aural sources; the shared and distinct characteristics of mosque and *tekke* (dervish lodge) music; the *ezan* (call to prayer), *kamet*, *salâ*, *tekbir*, *salât-ı ümmiyye*, *tesbihat*, and other forms of religious music performed within the mosque setting; the relationship between the recitation of the Quran and mosque music, along with its specific performance principles; elements such as *makam* (melodic mode), *seyir* (melodic progression), *geçki* (modulation), free rhythm, *usul* (rhythmic cycle), prosody, and stylistic nuances; the roles of the *muezzin* and congregational performance, as well as the tradition of transmission through *meşk* (master-apprentice instruction); the influence of mosque acoustics on performance; and, finally, the comparative analysis of historical and contemporary recordings, alongside methodological and ethical considerations in the study of mosque music.

Name of Lecturer(s)
Learning Outcomes
1.Explains the concepts, genres, and historical development of mosque music, based on source materials.
2.Evaluates written and audio sources in terms of their origin, reliability, representativeness, and limitations on their use.
3.Analyzes selected examples in terms of *makam* (melodic mode), *seyir* (melodic progression), rhythmic structure, prosody, and performance style.
4.Evaluates the relationships between the recitation of the Quran (*tilavet*) and other forms of mosque music, while taking into account the specific principles unique to Quranic recitation.
5.Discusses processes of transmission, continuity, and change by comparing recordings from different performers and periods.
6.Prepares and presents a study in the field of mosque music that is based on sources and recordings, and adheres to research ethics.
Recommended or Required Reading
1.Turabi, Ahmet Hakkı (ed.). Handbook of Turkish Religious Music. Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları. Özcan, Nuri. “Mosque Music.” TDV Encyclopedia of Islam. Koca, Fatih. The Tradition of Sala and Salawat in Islamic Civilization. Publications of the Presidency of Religious Affairs. Ergun, Sadettin Nüzhet. Anthology of Turkish Music. 2 volumes. Istanbul, 1942–1943. Özcan, Nuri. Religious Music Among the Ottomans in the Eighteenth Century. Doctoral dissertation, Marmara University, 1982. Koca, Fatih. “The Culture of Salat and Salam as a Form of Religious Music.” Journal of the Faculty of Theology, Cumhuriyet University.
Weekly Detailed Course Contents
Week 1 - Theoretical
The conceptual framework and research domain of mosque music: its place within Turkish religious music, its scope, the classification of its genres, and fundamental research issues.
Week 2 - Theoretical
The historical development of mosque music: institutions, performers, and modes of transmission during the Ottoman and Republican periods; the issue of continuity and change in historiography.
Week 3 - Theoretical
Sources and research methods for mosque music: manuscripts, collections of lyrics and musical notation, biographical sources, audio recordings, and oral history; source criticism and research ethics.
Week 4 - Theoretical
The relationship between Quranic recitation and music: The connection between the use of voice and *maqam* (melodic modes) and the principles of *tajwid* (rules of recitation), *makhraj* (points of articulation), and *waqf* and *ibtida’* (rules for pausing and resuming); and the aspects that distinguish Quranic recitation from other forms of religious (mosque-based) musical performance.
Week 5 - Theoretical
The *adhan* (call to prayer) and *iqamah* (second call to prayer): An examination of their text, function, and performance structure—including the choice of *maqam* (melodic mode), *sayr* (melodic progression), phrasing, *qarar* (final cadence/resolution), and vocal range—as well as the performance conventions associated with specific prayer times.
Week 6 - Theoretical
Performances of *salâ* and *salât ü selâm*: contexts of use, textual variety, melodic structure, and style; regional and individual variations in performance.
Week 7 - Theoretical
Takbir and salât-ı ummiyya: Their place in the repertoire; characteristics regarding melodic mode (maqam), rhythmic structure, prosody, and collective performance; and issues concerning the transmission and attribution of these works
Week 8 - Theoretical
The role of the *muezzin* and collective performance: Aural practices within the flow of worship, the division of duties, unity in communal performance, and the dynamics of reciprocal or responsive execution.
Week 9 - Theoretical
Tesbihat (litanies), supplications (dua), and intimate invocations (münâcât): text, function, and context of performance; the use of melodic modes (makam), melodic patterns, and variations in local practice.
Week 10 - Theoretical
The performance of *mevlid*, *ilahis* (hymns), and *kasides* (odes) in a mosque setting: the organization of the repertoire for religious ceremonies; transitions between genres; and the relationship between the mosque repertoire and the *tekke* (dervish lodge) repertoire.
Week 11 - Theoretical
Makam, melodic progression (seyir), and rhythmic structure: the treatment of makam in examples of mosque music, including modulations (geçkiler), cadences (kalışlar), and final resolutions (kararlar); a comparison of performances featuring free rhythm versus those based on a fixed rhythmic cycle (usul).
Week 12 - Theoretical
Transmission through style, manner, and the *meşk* (traditional apprenticeship/instruction) method: ornamentation, pronunciation, breath control, vocal/instrumental technique, and interpretive characteristics; comparison of performers based on recordings.
Week 13 - Theoretical
Mosque acoustics and contemporary performance: Reverberation, speech intelligibility, performer positioning, and sound reinforcement systems; the influence of the recording environment on evaluation.
Week 14 - Theoretical
Research presentations and general evaluation: Students’ presentation of their research—based on sources and records—followed by a discussion of findings, methodologies, and the limitations of the research.
Assessment Methods and Criteria
Type of AssessmentCountPercent
Attending Lectures1%5
Quiz1%5
Midterm Examination1%30
Final Examination1%60
Workload Calculation
ActivitiesCountPreparationTimeTotal Work Load (hours)
Lecture - Theory145070
Assignment142028
Midterm Examination114014
Final Examination114014
TOTAL WORKLOAD (hours)126
Contribution of Learning Outcomes to Programme Outcomes
PÇ-1
PÇ-2
PÇ-3
PÇ-4
PÇ-5
PÇ-6
OÇ-1
4
4
4
4
4
4
OÇ-2
4
2
3
4
4
4
OÇ-3
4
3
4
4
4
4
OÇ-4
4
4
4
4
4
4
OÇ-5
3
3
4
4
4
4
OÇ-6
4
4
4
4
4
4
Adnan Menderes University - Information Package / Course Catalogue
2026