Information Package / Course Catalogue
Repertoire and Theory of Turkish Religious Music
Course Code: İST531
Course Type: Area Elective
Couse Group: Second Cycle (Master's Degree)
Education Language: Turkish
Work Placement: N/A
Theory: 3
Prt.: 0
Credit: 3
Lab: 0
ECTS: 5
Objectives of the Course

The objective is to examine the repertoire of Turkish religious music in terms of *makam* (modal system), *usul* (rhythmic cycle), melodic progression, *geçki* (modulation), *çeşni* (melodic nuance/flavor), and the relationship between lyrics and composition; to enable students to apply their theoretical knowledge to the analysis of musical works and performances; and to develop their skills in critically evaluating the connections between theoretical explanations and performance characteristics—by comparing various musical scores and audio recordings—as well as in curating a well-founded repertoire.

Course Content

The sources and selection criteria for the repertoire of Turkish religious music are examined, alongside key concepts in Turkish music theory—such as pitch (*perde*), interval (*aralık*), melodic nuance (*çeşni*), melodic mode (*makam*), melodic progression (*seyir*), final cadence (*karar*), dominant pitch (*güçlü*), and modulation (*geçki*)—as well as rhythmic cycles (*usul*), rhythmic structure, and the characteristics of free-rhythm performance. Through the study of religious compositions in *makam*s such as Rast, Uşşak, Hüseynî, Segâh, Hicaz, and others, the course explores melodic construction, intermediate cadences, melodic expansion, modulations, the relationship between rhythmic cycles and lyrics, and prosody. Furthermore, the discrepancies between notated scores and actual performance, the influence of theoretical approaches on the analysis of musical works, performance variants, and the transmission of the repertoire are evaluated from a comparative perspective. The course concludes with the preparation of a repertoire portfolio, complete with documented sources and theoretical analyses for each piece.

Name of Lecturer(s)
Learning Outcomes
1.Evaluates the written and aural sources of the Turkish religious music repertoire in terms of their reliability and intended use.
2.Uses the concepts of pitch (perde), interval (aralık), melodic nuance/flavor (çeşni), melodic mode (makam), melodic progression (seyir), and rhythmic cycle (usul) in the analysis of musical works.
3.Explains the development of the *makam*—including its cadences, expansions, and modulations—within selected musical works, providing the rationale for each.
4.Analyzes the relationships between rhythmic cycles (usul), melodic phrasing, and the placement of lyrics.
5.Evaluates the differences between notated scores and performance recordings in terms of theory, stylistic approach, and transmission.
6.Prepares and presents a repertoire file that includes various *makam*s (modes) and *usul*s (rhythmic cycles), with sources cited and analyses provided.
Recommended or Required Reading
1.Özkan, İsmail Hakkı. Theory and Rhythmic Cycles (*Usûls*) of Turkish Music: *Kudüm* Embellishments (*Velvele*). Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat. Arel, Hüseyin Sadeddin. Lessons on the Theory of Turkish Music. Edited by Onur Akdoğu. Ak, Ahmet Şahin. Turkish Religious Music: Mosque and *Tekke* (Dervish Lodge) Music. Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları. Turabi, Ahmet Hakkı (ed.). Handbook of Turkish Religious Music. Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları, 2017. Kopar, Sadettin Volkan. “Rhythmic Cycles (*Usûls*) Used in Turkish Religious Music.” İSTEM 36 (2020): 325–346. Ezgi, Suphi. From the Classics of Turkish Music: *Temcit–Na‘t–Salat–Durak*. Istanbul, 1945. Nâsır Abdülbâkî Dede. *Tedkik ü Tahkik*: Examination and the Search for Truth. Translated into modern Turkish by Yalçın Tura. Istanbul: Pan Yayıncılık, 2006.
Weekly Detailed Course Contents
Week 1 - Theoretical
Establishing the relationship between repertoire and theory: the scope of the course, sources for repertoire, criteria for selecting works, and methods of analysis.
Week 2 - Theoretical
Pitch, interval, and musical notation: Theoretical explanations versus pitch relationships as heard in performance; an evaluation of different systems of musical notation.
Week 3 - Theoretical
The structural elements of a makam (musical mode): flavor, progression, beginning, strong, suspense, and resolution relationships; the limitations of explaining the makam solely through its scale.
Week 4 - Theoretical
Repertoire centered on the *Rast* makam: An examination of the *Rast* makam—including its melodic progression characteristics (*seyir*), specific melodic motifs (*çeşni*), cadential points (*kalışlar*), and areas of melodic expansion—through the study of musical compositions.
Week 5 - Theoretical
Repertoire in the Uşşak and Bayatî makams: An assessment of the differences in melodic progression (*seyir*) and phrasing, despite the use of a common set of pitches.
Week 6 - Theoretical
Repertoire in the Hüseynî and Muhayyer makams: Vocal range, melodic progression (seyir), emphasized pitches, and melodic development.
Week 7 - Theoretical
Repertoire in the Segâh and Hüzzam makams: Characteristic pitch relationships, melodic motifs (çeşniler), cadential points, and issues of intonation in performance.
Week 8 - Theoretical
Repertoire within the Hicaz and related *makam* structures: melodic progression (*seyir*), pivotal tones (*güçlü*), and characteristic melodic motifs (*çeşni*) as exemplified in the *makam*s Hicaz, Hümâyun, and Uzzâl.
Week 9 - Theoretical
Expanding the repertoire with other *makam*s: The melodic progression (*seyir*) and expressive characteristics of selected religious works in the *Sabâ* and *Nihâvend* *makam*s.
Week 10 - Theoretical
Rhythmic cycles (*usul*) in the religious repertoire: Sofyan, Düyek, Devr-i Hindî, and other selected cycles; the structure of the rhythmic pattern, its notation, and its relationship to melodic phrasing.
Week 11 - Theoretical
Lyrics, prosody, and rhythmic placement: The relationships between syllables, stress, duration, meaning, and musical phrasing; the distribution of the lyrics within the rhythmic cycle (*usul*).
Week 12 - Theoretical
Modulation, variation in melodic flavor, and free-rhythmic performance: the distinction between local coloration and *makam* modulation; melodic development as seen in forms such as the *kaside* and similar examples.
Week 13 - Theoretical
Evaluation of the repertoire in terms of sources and performance: musical scores, recorded variants, ornamentation, stylistic approach, and transmission; development of repertoire files.
Week 14 - Theoretical
Presentation of repertoire files and general evaluation: A discussion encompassing the selection of musical works, theoretical analysis, and performance characteristics.
Assessment Methods and Criteria
Type of AssessmentCountPercent
Attending Lectures1%5
Quiz1%5
Midterm Examination1%30
Final Examination1%60
Workload Calculation
ActivitiesCountPreparationTimeTotal Work Load (hours)
Lecture - Theory145070
Assignment142028
Midterm Examination114014
Final Examination114014
TOTAL WORKLOAD (hours)126
Contribution of Learning Outcomes to Programme Outcomes
PÇ-1
PÇ-2
PÇ-3
PÇ-4
PÇ-5
PÇ-6
OÇ-1
3
4
4
5
4
5
OÇ-2
4
3
4
4
4
4
OÇ-3
4
4
4
4
4
4
OÇ-4
4
4
5
5
4
4
OÇ-5
4
4
5
4
4
4
OÇ-6
4
4
4
4
4
4
Adnan Menderes University - Information Package / Course Catalogue
2026