To examine the emergence and development of Islamic historiography and its relationship to the production of historical knowledge; to foster students' skills in formulating historical research problems, identifying appropriate sources, evaluating the potential and limitations of various types of evidence, and critically comparing historical interpretations. By exploring the interplay between sources, methodology, and interpretation—using examples from political, social, economic, cultural, and institutional history—to guide students toward conducting independent research that is methodologically consistent and adheres to academic ethical standards.

Identifying research problems, formulating research questions, selecting sources, and designing methodology in the study of Islamic history; the development of historiography; bibliographic reference tools, historical geography, and chronology; the evaluation of narrative sources, biographical works, documents, coins, inscriptions, and archaeological data as historical evidence; issues in historical explanation, with a focus on the formation of the early Muslim community and the Abbasid Revolution; the author’s position in historical narrative, political legitimacy, and ideology; fiscal institutions and bureaucracy; the *ulama* (religious scholars) and social elites; the relationship between law and social practice; and the social history of cities, non-Muslim communities, and rural life. Comparative source analysis, literature critique, and research design based on selected case studies.