Course Objective To examine the historical conditions, causes, progression, and consequences of the conquests that took place from the passing of the Prophet until the end of the Umayyad period; to evaluate these conquests not only in their military and political dimensions but also in relation to the social, economic, and religious structures of the conquered regions. The course aims to enable students to compare classical accounts of the conquests (*fütûh* narratives) with various types of primary sources and contemporary scholarly research, to explain how the course of the conquests varied by region, and to conduct independent historical research on the transformations that followed these conquests.

The political and military situation in Arabia, the Byzantine Empire, and the Sassanid realm during the 7th and 8th centuries; sources concerning the early Islamic conquests and debates within historiography; the *Ridda* (apostasy) wars and the onset of the conquests during the caliphate of Abu Bakr; the conquests of Syria, Palestine, Iraq, Iran, and Egypt during the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (*al-Khulafa’ al-Rashidun*); the military organization and diplomatic dimensions of these conquests; campaigns in Anatolia and the Mediterranean; the conquests of North Africa, al-Andalus, Khurasan, Transoxiana (*Ma wara’ al-nahr*), and Sindh during the Umayyad period; peace treaties, military settlements, and relations with the populations of the conquered territories; the establishment of political authority, demographic shifts, the distinct trajectories of Islamization and Arabization; and the social, economic, and cultural consequences of the conquests. Comparative analyses based on classical Arabic sources, other contemporary accounts, and documentary evidence.